In many manual implements the distinction between man as mere
 motive power, and man as the workman or operator properly so called, is
 brought into striking contrast. For instance, the foot is merely the prime
 mover of the spinning-wheel, while the hand, working with the spindle,
 and drawing and twisting, performs the real operation of spinning. It is
 this last part of the handicraftsman’s implement that is first seized upon
 by the industrial revolution, leaving to the workman, in addition to his
 new labour of watching the machine with his eyes and correcting its mistakes
 with his hands, the merely mechanical part of being the moving power. On
 the other hand, implements, in regard to which man has always acted as
 a simple motive power, as, for instance, by turning the crank of a mill,
 [7] by pumping, by moving up and down the arm of a bellows, by pounding with a mortar, &c., such implements soon call for the application
 of animals, water [8] and wind as motive powers. Here
 and there, long before the period of manufacture, and also, to some extent,
 during that period, these implements pass over into machines, but without
 creating any revolution in the mode of 355production. It becomes
 evident, in the period of modern industry, that these implements, even
 under their form of manual tools, are already machines. For instance, the
 pumps with which the Dutch, in 1836-7, emptied the Lake of Harlem, were
 constructed on the principle of ordinary pumps; the only difference being,
 that their pistons were driven by cyclopean steam-engines, instead of by
 men. The common and very imperfect bellows of the blacksmith is, in England,
 occasionally converted into a blowing-engine, by connecting its arm with
 a steam-engine. The steam-engine itself, such as it was at its invention,
 during the manufacturing period at the close of the 17th century, and such
 as it continued to be down to 1780, [9] did not give
 rise to any industrial revolution. It was, on the contrary, the invention
 of machines that made a revolution in the form of steam-engines necessary.
 As soon as man, instead of working with an implement on the subject of
 his labour, becomes merely the motive power of an implement-machine, it
 is a mere accident that motive power takes the disguise of human muscle;
 and it may equally well take the form of wind, water or steam. Of course,
 this does not prevent such a change of form from producing great technical
 alterations in the mechanism that was originally constructed to be driven
 by man alone. Now-a-days, all machines that have their way to make, such
 as sewing-machines, bread-making machines, &c., are, unless from their
 very nature their use on a small scale is excluded, constructed to be driven
 both by human and by purely mechanical motive power.