Since the collective labourer has functions, both simple and complex,
 both high and low, his members, the individual labour-powers, require different
 degrees of training, and must therefore have different values. Manufacture,
 therefore, develops a hierarchy of labour-powers, to which there corresponds
 a scale of wages. If, on the one hand, the individual labourers are appropriated
 and annexed for life by a limited function; on the other hand, the various
 operations of the hierarchy are parcelled out among the labourers according
 to both their natural and their acquired capabilities. [23] Every process of production, however,331 requires certain simple manipulations, which every man is capable of doing. They too are now severed from their connexion with the more pregnant moments of activity, and ossified into
 exclusive functions of specially appointed labourers. Hence, Manufacture
 begets, in every handicraft that it seizes upon, a class of so-called unskilled
 labourers, a class which handicraft industry strictly excluded. If it develops
 a one-sided speciality into a perfection, at the expense of the whole of
 a man’s working capacity, it also begins to make a speciality of the absence
 of all development. Alongside of the hierarchic gradation there steps the
 simple separation of the labourers into skilled and unskilled. For the
 latter, the cost of apprenticeship vanishes; for the former, it diminishes,
 compared with that of artificers, in consequence of the functions being
 simplified. In both cases the value of labour-power falls. [24] An exception to this law holds good whenever the decomposition of the labour-process begets new and comprehensive functions, that either had no place at all,
 or only a very modest one, in handicrafts. The fall in the value of labour-power,
 caused by the disappearance or diminution of the expenses of apprenticeship,
 implies a direct increase of surplus-value for the benefit of capital;
 for everything that shortens the necessary labour-time required for the
 reproduction of labour-power, extends the domain of surplus-labour.