Since the production and the circulation of commodities are the
 general pre-requisites of the capitalist mode of production, division of
 labour in manufacture demands, that division of labour in society at large
 should previously have attained a certain degree of development. Inversely,
 the former division reacts upon and develops and multiplies the latter.
 Simultaneously, with the differentiation of the instruments of labour,
 the industries that produce these instruments, become more334 and more
 differentiated.[30] If the manufacturing system seize upon an industry, which, previously, was carried on in connexion with others,
 either as a chief or as a subordinate industry, and by one producer, these
 industries immediately separate their connexion, and become independent.
 If it seize upon a particular stage in the production of a commodity, the
 other stages of its production become converted into so many independent
 industries. It has already been stated, that where the finished article
 consists merely of a number of parts fitted together, the detail operations
 may re-establish themselves as genuine and separate handicrafts. In order
 to carry out more perfectly the division of labour in manufacture, a single
 branch of production is, according to the varieties of its raw material,
 or the various forms that one and the same raw material may assume, split
 up into numerous, and to some extent, entirely new manufactures. Accordingly,
 in France alone, in the first half of the 18th century, over 100 different
 kinds of silk stuffs were woven, and, in Avignon, it was law, that “every
 apprentice should devote himself to only one sort of fabrication, and should
 not learn the preparation of several kinds of stuff at once.” The territorial division of labour, which confines special branches of production to special districts of a country, acquires fresh stimulus from the manufacturing
 system, which exploits every special advantage. [31]
 The Colonial system and the opening out of the markets of the world, both
 of which are included in the general conditions of existence of the manufacturing
 period, furnish rich material for developing the division of labour in
 society. It is not the place, here, to go on to show how division of labour
 seizes upon, not only the economic, but every other sphere of society,
 and everywhere lays the foundation of that all engrossing system of specialising
 and sorting men, that development in a man of one single faculty at the
 expense of all other faculties, which caused A. Ferguson, the master of
 Adam Smith, to exclaim: “We make a nation of Helots, and have no free citizens.” 
 [32]