In the circulation section 
 M — C<LMP,
 in the epoch of the already developed and hence prevailing capitalist mode
 of production, a large portion of the commodities composing MP, the means
 of production, is itself functioning as the commodity-capital of someone
 else. From the standpoint of the seller, therefore, C' — M', the transformation
 of commodity-capital into money-capital, takes place. But this is not an
 absolute rule. On the contrary. Within its process of circulation, in which
 industrial capital functions either as money or as commodities, the circuit
 of industrial capital, whether as money-capital or as commodity-capital,
 crosses the commodity circulation of the most diverse modes of social production,
 so far as they produce commodities. No matter whether commodities are the
 output of production based on slavery, of peasants (Chinese, Indian ryots).
 of communes (Dutch East Indies), of state enterprise (such as existed
 in former epochs of Russian history on the basis of serfdom) or of half-savage
 hunting tribes, etc. — as commodities and money they come face to face
 with the money and commodities in which the industrial capital presents
 itself and enter as much into its circuit as into that of the surplus-value
 borne in the commodity-capital, provided the surplus-value is spent as
 revenue; hence they enter in both branches of circulation of commodity-capital.
 The character of the process of production from which they originate is
 immaterial. They function as commodities in the market, and as commodities
 they enter into the circuit of industrial capital as well as into the circulation
 of the surplus-value incorporated in it. It is therefore the universal
 character of the origin of the commodities, the existence of the market
 as world-market, which distinguishes the process of circulation of industrial
 capital. What is true of the commodities of others is also true of the
 money of others. Just as commodity-capital faces money only as commodities,
 so this money functions vis-à-vis commodity-capital only as money.
 Money here performs the functions of world-money.