A real machinery system, however, does not take the place of these
 independent machines, until the subject of labour goes through a connected
 series of detail processes, that are carried out by a chain of machines
 of various kinds, the one supplementing the other. Here we have again the
 co-operation by division of labour that characterises Manufacture; only
 now, it is a combination of detail machines. The special tools of the various
 detail workmen, such as those of the beaters, cambers, spinners, &c.,
 in the woollen manufacture, are now transformed into the tools of specialised
 machines, each machine constituting a 359special organ, with a
 special function, in the system. In those branches of industry in which
 the machinery system is first introduced, Manufacture itself furnishes,
 in a general way, the natural basis for the division, and consequent organisation,
 of the process of production. [16] Nevertheless an essential difference at once manifests itself. In Manufacture it is the workmen who, with their manual implements, must, either singly or in groups, carry on
 each particular detail process. If, on the one hand, the workman becomes
 adapted to the process, on the other, the process was previously made suitable
 to the workman. This subjective principle of the division of labour no
 longer exists in production by machinery. Here, the process as a whole
 is examined objectively, in itself, that is to say, without regard to the
 question of its execution by human hands, it is analysed into its constituent
 phases; and the problem, how to execute each detail process, and bind them
 all into a whole, is solved by the aid of machines, chemistry, &c.
 [17] But, of course, in this case also, theory must
 be perfected by accumulated experience on a large scale. Each detail machine
 supplies raw material to the machine next in order; and since they are
 all working at the same time, the product is always going through the various
 stages of its fabrication, and is also constantly in a state of transition,
 from one phase to another. Just as in Manufacture, the direct co-operation
 of the detail labourers establishes a numerical proportion between the
 special groups, so in an organised system of machinery, where one detail
 machine is constantly kept employed by another, a fixed relation is established
 between their numbers, their size, and their speed. The collective machine,
 now an organised system of various kinds of single machines, and of groups
 of 360single machines, becomes more and more perfect, the more
 the process as a whole becomes a continuous one, i.e., the less the raw
 material is interrupted in its passage from its first phase to its last;
 in other words, the more its passage from one phase to another is effected,
 not by the hand of man, but by the machinery itself. In Manufacture the
 isolation of each detail process is a condition imposed by the nature of
 division of labour, but in the fully developed factory the continuity of
 those processes is, on the contrary, imperative.