We saw that the productive forces resulting from co-operation
 and division of labour cost capital nothing. They are natural forces of
 social labour. So also physical forces, like steam, water, &c., when
 appropriated to productive processes, cost nothing. But just as a man requires
 lungs to breathe with, so he requires something that is work of man’s hand,
 in order to consume physical forces productively. A water-wheel is necessary
 to exploit the force of water, and a steam-engine to exploit the elasticity
 of steam. Once discovered, the law of the deviation of the magnetic needle
 in the field of an electric current, or the law of the magnetisation of
 iron, around which an electric current circulates, cost never a penny.
 [23] But the exploitation of these laws for the purposes of telegraphy, &c., necessitates a costly and extensive apparatus.
 The tool, as we have seen, is not exterminated by the machine. From being
 a dwarf implement of the human organism, it expands and multiplies into
 the implement of a mechanism created by man. Capital now sets the labourer
 to work, not with a manual tool, but with a machine which itself handles
 the tools. Although, therefore, it is clear at the first glance that, by
 incorporating both stupendous physical forces, and the natural sciences,
 with the process of production, modern industry raises the productiveness
 of labour to an extraordinary degree, it is by no means equally clear,
 that this increased productive force is not, on the other hand, purchased
 by an increased expenditure of labour. Machinery, like every other component
 of constant capital, creates no new value, but yields up its own value
 to the product that it serves to beget. In so far as the machine has value,
 and, in consequence, parts with value to the product, it forms an element
 in the value of that product. Instead of being cheapened, the product is
 made dearer in proportion to the value of the machine. And it is clear
 as noon-day, that machines and systems of machinery, the characteristic
 instruments of labour of Modern 366Industry, are incomparably more
 loaded with value than the implements used in handicrafts and manufactures.