We have assumed that the total advanced capital always passes
 wholly from one of its phases to the other; and so here too we assume that
 the commodities produced by P represent the total value of the productive
 capital P, or £422 plus £78 of surplus-value created in the
 process of production. In our illustration, which deals with a discrete
 commodity, the surplus-value exists in the form of 1,560 lbs. of yarn;
 if computed on the basis of one pound of yarn, it would exist in the form
 of 2.496 ounces of yarn. But if the commodity were for instance a machine
 valued at £500 and having the same value-composition, one a part of the
 value of this machine, £78, would be surplus-value, but these £78
 would exist only in the machine as a whole. This machine cannot be divided
 into capital-value and surplus-value without breaking it to pieces and
 thus destroying its value together with its use-value. For this reason
 the two value-components can be represented only ideally as components
 of the commodity, not as independent elements of the commodity C', like
 any pound of yarn, which represents a separable independent element of
 the 10,000 lbs. of commodity. In the first case the aggregate commodity,
 the commodity-capital, the machine, must be sold in its entirety before
 m can enter upon its separate circulation. On the other hand when the capitalist
 has sold 8,440 lbs., the sale of the remaining 1,560 lbs. would represent
 a wholly separate circulation of the surplus-value in the form of c (1,560
 lbs. of yarn) — m (£78) — c (articles of consumption). But the elements of value of each individual portion of the 10,000 lbs. of yarn, the product,
 can be represented by parts of the product as well as by the total product.
 Just as the latter, 10,000 lbs. of yarn, the product, can be represented
 by parts of the product as well as by the total product. Just as the latter,
 10,000 lbs. of yarn, can be divided into the value of the constant capital
 (c), 7,440 lbs. of yarn worth £372, variable capital-value (v) of
 1,000 lbs. of yarn worth £50, and surplus-value (s) of 1,560 lbs.
 of yarn worth £78, so every pound of yarn may be divided into c,
 equal to 11.904 ounces worth 8.928 d., v equal to 1.600 ounces of yarn
 worth 1.200 d., and s equal to 2.496 ounces of yarn worth 1.872 d. The
 capitalist might also sell various portions of the 10,000 lbs. of yarn
 successively and successively consume successive portions of the surplus-value
 elements contained in them, thus realising, also successively, the sum
 of c plus v. But in the final analysis this operation likewise premises
 the sale of the entire lot of 10,000 lbs., that therefore the value of
 c and v will be replaced by the sale of 8,440 lbs. (Buch I, Kap. VII, 2.)
 [English edition: Ch. IX, 2. — Ed.]