Along with the development of the factory system and of the revolution
 in agriculture that accompanies it, production in all the other branches
 of industry not only extends, but alters its character. The principle,
 carried out in the factory system, of analysing the process of production
 into its constituent phases, and of solving the problems thus proposed
 by the application of mechanics, of chemistry, and of the whole range of
 the natural sciences, becomes the determining principle everywhere. Hence,
 machinery squeezes itself into the manufacturing industries first for one
 detail process, then for another. Thus the solid crystal of their organisation,
 based on the old division of labour, becomes dissolved, and makes way for
 constant changes. Independently of this, a radical change takes place in
 the composition of the collective labourer, a change of the persons working
 in combination. In contrast with the manufacturing period, the division
 of labour is thenceforth based, wherever possible, on the employment of
 women, of children of all ages, and of unskilled labourers, in one word,
 on cheap labour, as it is characteristically called in England. This is
 the case not only with all production on a large scale, whether employing
 machinery or not, but also with the so-called domestic industry, whether
 carried on in the houses of the workpeople or in small workshops. This
 modern so-called domestic industry has nothing, except the name, in common
 with the old-fashioned domestic industry, the existence of which pre-supposes
 independent urban handicrafts, independent peasant farming, and above all,
 a dwelling-house for the labourer and his family. That old-fashioned industry
 has now been converted into an outside department of the factory, the manufactory,
 or the warehouse. Besides the factory operatives, the manufacturing workmen
 and the handicraftsman, whom it concentrates in large masses at one spot,
 and directly commands, capital also sets in motion, by means, of invisible
 threads, another army; that of the workers in the domestic industries,
 who dwell in the large towns and are also scattered over the face of the
 country. An example: The shirt factory of Messrs. Tillie at Londonderry,
 which employs 1,000 operatives in the factory itself, and 9,000 people
 spread up and down the country and working in their own houses. [171]