The capitalist mode of production has brought matters to a point where the
 work of supervision, entirely divorced from the ownership of capital, is always
 readily obtainable. It has, therefore, come to be useless for the capitalist to
 perform it himself. An orchestra conductor need not own the instruments of his
 orchestra, nor is it within the scope of his duties as conductor to have
 anything to do with the "wages" of the other musicians. Co-operative factories
 furnish proof that the capitalist has become no less redundant as a functionary
 in production as he himself, looking down from his high perch, finds the big
 landowner redundant. Inasmuch as the capitalist's work does not originate in
 the purely capitalistic process of production, and hence does not cease on its
 own when capital ceases; inasmuch as it does not confine itself solely to the
 function of exploiting the labour of others; inasmuch as it therefore
 originates from the social form of the labour-process, from combination and
 co-operation of many in pursuance of a common result, it is just as independent
 of capital as that form itself as soon as it has burst its capitalistic shell.
 To say that this labour is necessary as capitalistic labour, or as a function
 of the capitalist, only means that the vulgus is unable to conceive
 the forms developed in the lap of capitalist production, separate and free from
 their antithetical capitalist character. The industrial capitalist is a worker,
 compared to the money-capitalist, but a worker in the sense of capitalist,
 i.e., an exploiter of the labour of others. The wage which he claims
 and pockets for this labour is exactly equal to the appropriated quantity of
 another's labour and depends directly upon the rate of exploitation of this
 labour, in so far as he undertakes the effort required for exploitation; it
 does not, however, depend on the degree of exertion that such exploitation
 demands, and which he can shift to a manager for moderate pay. After every
 crisis there are enough ex-manufacturers in the English factory districts who
 will supervise, for low wages, what were formerly their own factories in the
 capacity of managers of the new owners, who are frequently their creditors.[5]