A locomotive, for instance, consists of more than 5,000
 independent parts. It cannot, however, serve as an example of the first
 kind of genuine manufacture, for it is a structure produced by modern mechanical
 industry. But a watch can; and William Petty used it to illustrate the
 division of labour in manufacture. Formerly the individual work of a Nuremberg
 artificer, the watch has been transformed into the social product of an
 immense number of detail labourers, such as mainspring makers, dial makers,
 spiral spring makers, jewelled hole makers, ruby lever makers, hand makers,
 case makers, screw makers, gilders, with numerous subdivisions, such as
 wheel makers (brass and steel separate), pin makers, movement makers, acheveur
 de pignon (fixes the wheels on the axles, polishes the facets, &c.),
 pivot makers, planteur de finissage (puts the wheels and springs in the
 works), finisseur de barillet (cuts teeth in the wheels, makes the holes
 of the right size, &c.), escapement makers, cylinder makers for cylinder
 escapements, escapement wheel makers, balance wheel makers, raquette makers
 (apparatus for regulating the watch), the planteur d’échappement
 (escapement maker proper); then the repasseur de barillet (finishes the
 box for the spring, &c.), steel polishers, wheel polishers, screw polishers,
 figure painters, dial enamellers (melt the enamel on the copper), fabricant
 de pendants (makes the ring by which the case is hung), finisseur de charnière
 (puts the brass hinge in the cover, &c.), faiseur de secret (puts in
 the springs that open the case), graveur, ciseleur, polisseur de boîte,
 &c., &c., and last of all the repasseur, who fits together the
 whole watch and hands it over in a going state. Only a few parts of the
 watch pass through several hands; and all these membra disjecta come together
 for the first time in the hand that binds them into one mechanical whole.
 This external relation between the finished product, and its various and
 diverse elements makes it, as well in this case as in the case of all similar
 finished articles, a matter of chance whether the detail labourers are
 brought together in one workshop or not. The detail operations may further
 be carried on like so many independent handicrafts, as they are in the
 Cantons of Vaud and Neufchâtel; while in Geneva there exist large
 watch manufactories where the detail labourers directly co-operate under
 the control of a single capitalist. And even in the latter case the dial, the springs, and the case, are seldom made in the factory itself. To carry
 on the trade as a manufacture, with concentration of workmen, is, in the
 watch trade, profitable only under exceptional conditions, because competition
 is greater between the labourers who desire to work at home, and because
 the splitting up of the work into a number of heterogeneous processes,
 permits but little use of the instruments of labour in common, and the
 capitalist, by scattering the work, saves the outlay on workshops,
 &c. [7] Nevertheless the position of this detail
 labourer who, though he works at home, does so for a capitalist (manufacturer,
 établisseur), is very different from that of the independent artificer,
 who works for his own customers. [8]